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Objectives: In this study, systematic pharmacognostic study and preliminary phytochemical screening of the bark of Cascabela thevetia L. were carried out. Methods: The selected plant part was collected, processed and stored in an airtight container. From the bark different pharmacognostic studies like macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, physicochemical parameters, fluorescence analysis were done. Powdered bark was successively extracted by petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol using a Soxhlet apparatus and finally macerated with the hydro-alcoholic solvent system (30:70). The preliminary phytochemical analysis and thin layer chromatography of the extracts were done to find the nature and number of the different phytoconstituents present. Results: Transverse microscopy reveals the presence of crystal oxalate, cork cell, starch granules, vascular bundle, phloem fiber, parenchyma cells, and collenchyma cells. Powder microscopy also showed the presence of cork cell, fiber and calcium oxalate crystal. Results obtained in different physicochemical analysis like total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, alcohol-soluble extractive, water-soluble extractive, and moisture content were 8.67%, 0.83%, 5.33%, 4.53%, 12.27%, and 7.83% respectively. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid, phytosterol, tannin, saponin, anthraquinone, carbohydrate and fatty acid in the different extracts. TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) study revealed 4 spots in petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts and 3 spots in the Hydro-alcoholic extract with different solvent systems. Conclusion: The results obtained from the study will provide a reliable basis for identification, purity, and quality of the plant.
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Now days, one of the major lacunae in the Ayurvedic system of medicine is adulteration of medicinal plant species i.e. raw drug. Drug sellers for their financial gains adulterate the raw drugs with cheap, similar looking drugs or other substances. So, it has become necessary for the Ayurvedic physicians and pharmaceuticals to identify the raw drug before its clinical use. There is a need to set the standards for proper identification of the raw drug. So, this study was designed to establish various pharmacognostical standards which can help in ensuring identification of Katuka, a well known herb in Ayurvedic medicine. Botanically, the drug Katuka is Picrorhiza kurroa Royal ex. Benth belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. Katuka is a valuable bitter tonic and is mainly used in Ayurveda for its hepatoprotective action. Its rhizome is used for medicinal purpose. So, macroscopical and microscopical characters of intact and powdered rhizome were studied. Macroscopic study of rhizome and its powder indicated the organoleptic characters like size, shape, colour, odour, taste and texture. Microscopic study of T.S. of rhizome showed the presence of cork, cortex, vascular cambium, xylem, phloem, pith and pith ray. Microscopic study of powder of rhizome showed the presence of starch grain, cork cells, xylem vessels, and pith cell with pitted wall thickenings, tracheid and lignified fiber. Pharmacognostical characters of rhizome of Katuka revealed from this study will help in standardization of this raw drug and preventing adulteration in the herbal raw drug market.
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OBJECTIVE: To identify a Yunnan herbal medicine-Corydalis Taliensis Herb. METHODS: Pharmacognostic methods have been used on the original plant, macroscopic characteristics, microscopic tissue structure and powder characteristics of Corydalis Taliensis Herb. RESULTS: Corydalis Taliensis Herb is the dried herb of Corydalis taliensis. Its stems five prism, leaves 2-to 3-ternate divided, flowers, spurred, purple, violet or pink, starchy and bitter. The size of epidermal cells are not the same, and some of cell outer wall papillate; stone cells visiblly, fibres with various shapes. CONCLUSION: Experimental results can be used for authenticity identification and quality control of Corydalis Taliensis Herb.
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Objective:To study the detailed pharmacognostic profile of galls of Quercus infectoria Olivier (Q. infectoria olivier) (Fagaceae), an important medicinal plant used in the Indian system of medicine. Methods: Samples of galls of Q. infectoria were studied by macroscopical, microscopical, physiochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence analysis and othjer methods for standardization as recommended by WHO. Results:Macroscopically, the crude drug is globose with horny appearances on external surface (1.4-2.3 cm in length and 1-1.5 cm in diameter), with greyish-brown to brownish-black in colour externally and dark brown buff colored. Surface is smooth with numerous horny protuberances giving rough touch, and with unpleasant odour. Microscopically, a wide zone of radially elongated parenchyma cells between upper and lower epidermis were found. The vascular strands were present at all places and radially elongated sclerides touched the lower epidermis. In physico-chemical studies, the moisture, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble, water soluble, petroleum ether, chloroform extractive value and tannin content were found to be 2.790, 5.020, 0.110, 38.780, 41.210, 0.402, 1.590 and 49.200 percentage respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, tannins, saponins and alkaloids. Conclusions:The results of the present study serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this medicinally important plant drug material for future investigations and applications.
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Introducción: para la explotación de Malvaviscus arboreus con fines medicinales se necesita la determinación de algunos parámetros.Objetivos: establecer los parámetros de cultivo y poscosecha. Métodos: se determinó la forma de propagación asexual como tipos de estacas, sustratos y plantación directa de estas en el terreno; porcentaje que brotó; el comportamiento de cultivo en 3 fechas, plantando estacas de cualquier tipo directamente en canteros al sol (9 plantas/m2); inicio de cosecha de flores y rendimientos frescos en 15 recolecciones sucesivas por 7 días; presencia de plagas; tamizaje fitoquímico en extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso; parámetros farmacognósticos; tipo de secado; índices numéricos (humedad, cenizas totales, sustancias solubles en agua y alcohol 70 por ciento), y vida útil de la droga conservada por año a temperatura ambiente. Resultados: el mejor enraizamiento fue en zeolita; resultó preferible la plantación directa en área definitiva (90 x 40 cm) en cualquier fecha del año, la óptima fue mayo por mayores rendimientos de flores. Se observó presencia del crisomélido Phylotreta striolata y hongos; Alternaria sp. y Fusarium sp. en ramas. Se identificó mayor diversidad de metabolitos secundarios en el extracto alcohólico. Cualquier tipo de secado fue rápido y mantuvo el color natural de la droga. Las características organolépticas se conservan durante 1 año en frascos de vidrio y polipropileno; en los sobres de polietileno de baja densidad hay pérdida de color y olor a partir de 6 meses y presencia de Lasioderma serricorne en cualquier envase.Conclusiones: se demostró crecimiento vigoroso y alta producción de flores durante casi todo el año a partir de 5 meses de establecido el cultivo, la droga cosechada mantiene calidad por 6 meses en frascos de vidrio ámbar
Introduction: the use of Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. with medicinal purposes requires the determination of some parameters. Objectives: to determine cultivation and pre-crop parameters. Methods: forms of asexual spread such as types of pegs, substratum, and their direct plantation in the land were determined as well as the sprout percentage; cultivation behavior in three different dates, planting different types of pegs in flowerbeds exposed to the sun (9 plants/m²); beginning of the cultivation of flowers and fresh yield in 15 consecutive pickings for 7 days; presence of plagues; phytochemical screening in ethereal, alcoholic and aqueous extracts; pharmacognostic parameters; drying types; numerical values (humidity, total ashes, soluble substances in water and 70 percent alcohol) and useful life of the drug preserved during a year at room temperature. Results: the best growing roots was seen in the zeolite; direct seeding was preferable in a definitive area (90 x 40 cm) at any in date of the year, the optimum date was May due to the possibility of obtaining better production of flowers; presence of chrysomelid Phyllotreta striolata and fungi was observed as well as Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp. in branches. A greater diversity of secondary metabolites in the alcoholic extract was identified. Any type of drying was fast and maintained the natural color of the drug. The organoloeptic characteristics are kept for a year in glass and polypropylene bottles; in low density polyethylene packs, color and odor loss appears from the 6 months and Lasioderma serricorne is present in any container. Conclusions: a vigorous growth and a high production of flowers were demonstrated during almost all the year from the 5 months of cultivation establishment; the cultivated drug maintains its quality for 6 months in amber glass containers
Subject(s)
Althaea , Crops, Agricultural , PharmacognosyABSTRACT
The bark of Randia spinosa (Madanphal) is reported to have great medicinal value. Pharmacognostic evaluation including examinations of morphological and microscopic characters, ash value, powder analysis, and extractive values were carried out.
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Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the morphological and microscopical characters of Mangifera indica L. leaf collected from Gujarat region and its phytochemical and physicochemical analysis. Methods: Microscopic characters and powder analysis was done under microscope. The physiochemical properties such as loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value, pH, solubility and extractive values of M. indica were carried out. Results: The upper epidermis was irregular, wavy with thick epidermal layer;and prismatic, rosette and cluster types of calcium oxalate crystals were found. In phytochemical analysis, cardiac glycosides and tannins showed maximum amounts. Conclusions: The present study provides pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical details of the M. indica leaf which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopoeia parameters.
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The seed is used as a poultice for broken bones. It is used internally in the treatment of internal bleeding, diarrhoea and excessive menstruation. The root is known as an effective diuretic. In South-East Asia a decoction of the root is used to treat gonorrhoea and is also applied as an emmenagogue and antipyretic. The Nepalese and some tribes in India apply A. spinosus to induce abortion. In Thai traditional medicine, A. spinosus is used to treat diarrhea. The root is also used for toothaches. In many countries, including those in Africa, the bruised leaves are considered a good emollient and applied externally in cases of ulcerated mouths, eczema, burns, wounds, boils, earache and hemorrhoids The leaves are also used for gastroenteritis, gall bladder inflammation, absesses, colic menorrhagia, arthritis and for the treatment of snakebites. The plant ash in a solution is used to wash sores. The plant sap is used as an eye wash to treat ophthalmia and convulsions in children. In Malaysia, A. spinosus is used as an expectorant and to relieve breathing in acute bronchitis. In mainland South-East Asia, it is also used as a sudorific, febrifuge, an antidote to snake poison, and as a galactagogue. During the rainy season which is also malaria endemic season, A. spinosus bark decoction is taken in a volume of about one liter three times a day to ward off malaria.